12. ODA- An Imperative

235 Comments

(Published article in Geo Intelligence Nov-Dec 2012)

Modern naval strategy is fundamentally based on various means to locate potential enemy forces across the oceans, a problem complicated by the vastness of the maritime environment, the huge number of legitimate users, and the wide variety of means by which an enemy can exploit the oceans to his advantage. The oceans are complex mediums whose nature provides ample opportunity for an enemy to avoid detection—weather, sea states, and coastal land masses all present considerable challenges to modern sensors. Peacetime economic use of the seas complicates this problem enormously. The oceans are the world’s foremost (and most unregulated) highway, home to a vast and wide variety of international neutral shipping that possess no apparent threat. Determining the enemy in such a crowded and complex environment is difficult during conventional war, during an asymmetric conflict such as the global war on terror (GWOT), it is a formidable task.

It is the asymmetric nature of terrorism that forms the core of Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA). In conventional naval war the enemy is relatively well defined and almost universally a combatant. Pursuit of GWOT, where literally any vessel could be a potential enemy or weapon carrier, or when any maritime event can have an impact on the security of India, demands a much higher level of awareness than that normally required in a conventional naval conflict. This is recognised by the formal definition of MDA as articulated by the US government vide their document National Security Presidential Directive 41, 2004:-

Maritime Domain Awareness is “the effective understanding of anything associated with the global maritime environment that could impact the security, safety, economy or environment of U.S. This is accomplished through the integration of intelligence, surveillance, observation, and navigation systems into one common operating picture (COP) that is accessible throughout the U.S. Government.

Unlike traditional naval operations, it is apparent that the goal of MDA is far more than simply looking for potential maritime enemies poised to attack India. The implications of “Anything associated” with the maritime environment that can impact the security, safety, economy or environment go far beyond a classic maritime threat.  As per the US interpretation, these include smuggling of people or dangerous cargoes, piracy, proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), identification and protection of critical maritime infrastructure, oil spills, weather, and environmental concerns among other events.

Maritime events that could potentially impact India are not the only wide-ranging element of MDA it is also essential that threats be identified as early and far from the coast as possible. The global nature of MDA activities occurring overseas and in foreign ports is very much a part of MDA. For example, if a cargo is loaded in Aden and its ultimate destination is India (via several other international ports), the loading, transport, security, and all matters associated with that container would be part of MDA. MDA must therefore be exercised over all oceans worldwide, and potentially cover all maritime interests that ultimately impact India. Putting in place an effective MDA is a herculean task viewing the range of potential security challenges and enormous geographic area represented by the maritime domain. In India a plethora of agencies possessing a wide range of operational and intelligence capabilities would require information fusion under the over-arching MDA.

Although many factors are considered in MDA, its core process is ultimately the monitoring of vessels and the vessels’ cargo, crews, and passengers to rapidly generate geo-locating information on vessels of interest. This is an analytical process that includes tracking, data base searches for unknown linkages and anomaly detection. Fundamental to this is the detection, monitoring, tracking of vessels. This tracking process is comprised of five elements designed to focus on a narrow area of tactical dimension where threats can be identified and isolated namely; maritime surveillance, detection, tracking, classification & identification and targeting. Targeting involves interpreting detection and identification information fused with intelligence to sort vessel intentions and determine risk.

MDA’s core is applying the vessel tracking process to a layered defence model centred on the coastline of India, the ultimate goal of which is to detect potential threats early and as far away from the Indian coastline as possible. As there is no single high value unit to protect MDA “layers” are expanded to include an entire coastline with the overall goal of coordinated surveillance. Not all areas in these “layers” are considered equally, but rather additional attention is given to areas that are potential targets for the terrorist/enemy.

The US has the 2000nm limit of the Maritime detection and Identification zone MDIZ it is based on the legislated 96 hour notification requirement for foreign vessels entering U.S. ports. A vessel travelling 20kts will arrive at its destination in roughly 96 hours. MDIZ’s aim is to gather more timely information on the vessel as it approaches closer to the U.S. coast. When entering the MDIZ, positions every four hours are the norm while in territorial waters the goal is to obtain positional data every 3 minutes. There are many systems that could provide a high degree of surveillance and tracking data, but the actual fusion of this data remains a problem area. In order to derive a comprehensive MDA picture, information needs to be fused, correlated, and analysed and for it to be relevant to national security it must be designed to operate cohesively at tactical, regional and strategic levels.

Strategic MDA

On the national level, maritime strategy is critical for long term planning, operational insight, and providing national decision makers with support to establish priorities, determine strategies of interdependent organisations, allocate national resources, and determine level of overall maritime threat This is a difficult process during normal peacetime operations and is particularly challenging in the constantly changing asymmetric maritime environment that MDA is designed to address. MDA’s ultimate goal is to obtain a sense of global awareness that reaches beyond the confines of the tactical and regional levels. If MDA was simply a defensive strategy against a known military or terrorist threat, it could be obtained by forming defensive layers around India. But as an informational/awareness system, its goals are far broader, seeking to understand all potential maritime threats to India, many of which could originate overseas in an inoffensive manner. Strategic MDA requires a broad perspective and capabilities at the highest levels of analysis, intelligence, and policy.  It requires the realignment of bureaucracy and the re-tasking of national assets toward the overall goal of global awareness. A centre for strategic MDA must have experience in multi-organisation operations and procedures that can transcend the gap between the military, law enforcement, and regulatory agencies that are part of MDA. In the maritime arena, this is possible through expansion of existing infrastructure, specifically developing such a fusion/analysis point. Two areas of sensor technologies that have particular applicability to strategic MDA are a satellite based sensing capability and a net work of underwater surveillance sensors.

Structure of the Indian MDA

The 26 Nov 2008 attack on Mumbai has been analysed and security gaps addressed to formulate the MDA. The fundamental principle for the MDA has been the application of data fusing to get actionable intelligence inputs to measure, compare and identify and engage and prevent sea-borne criminal activities. The number of different agencies at central and state level involved is 13, and therefore effective coordination is an issue. Some of the initiatives include:-

– Launch of GSAT7 satellite in geosynchronous orbit by lSRO, with Rukmani terminals (ex Israel) placed on Major warships for instantaneous data transfer to meet the requirements of the Navy. ISRO is also likely to put in place by 2013 the Indian Regional Navigation Seven Satellite System (IRNSS) which would provide data within 1000 miles of India.

– Setting up of The National Command Control Communication and Intelligence network (NC3IN).

– The setting up of a radar chain (X band AIS receiver VHF and Electro-Optics) of 46 sensor stations being linked with the AIS inputs (Covering the entire Indian coast), and LRIT and Vessel Traffic Management Systems. Coastal plots are maintained by the ICG Regional HQs to support the Joint Operations Centres (JOCs) set up next to naval maritime operations rooms (MORS) in all naval commands and at New Delhi.

– Setting up of Multi Agency Centres (MAC) for intelligence inputs and reports.

– Registration of fishing vessels by states, and provision of battery operated Distress Action Terminals (DATs) for vessels below 300 tons. DG Shipping would provide smaller fishing boats with AIS transponders which has enforced ISPS code for Port security with port security plans. Providing Biometric /recognition identity cards for fishermen which can be identified on a machine on board surveillance platforms.

– Setting up of a Marine Police force with 73 Coastal police stations across 9 states and provided with 5 and 10 ton craft which can patrol inshore waters.

– A continuous synopsis of record of shipping with World Customs Organisation has been enforced and MARSEC security levels are exercised and coastal villagers educated on need to be vigilant by the IN and ICG.

– The Indian Navy has instituted Marine Commandos Rapid Reaction Forces and a Sagar Prahari Bal (SPB) of 100 seamen who are being equipped with 80 fast interceptor craft (FICs) for protection of naval bases, VAs and VPs. UAVs and Aerostats are also planned for induction.

– Coordinated coastal and offshore asset patrolling has been strengthened by the IN and the ICG.

– All steps for MDA are networked with the Indian Navy’s fleet of ships, submarines and MR aircraft.

The Government of India has put in place a formidable plan for MDA, and the individual systems are being setup prior to final integration and fusing of data. It is expected that the MDA would be fully functional by 2015.

However, in near future it can be presumed that Indian Navy would aspire to acquire formidable sea denial and sea control capabilities. It is opined that the terms Sea watch/denial/ control are likely to expand and transform in to ‘Oceanic space watch/ denial/control’. The term Oceanic space denial/control would embrace a cylindrical space in 3D+ dimensions; that is the sea surface, the atmospheric volume above, the outer space at least up to low earth orbiting satellite heights, the water volume up to the sea bed, the sea bed itself and also security of the deep sea mining assets in the EEZ. (Opinion of the author).

The above premise implies that a broader oceanic horizon is in fact inclusive of not only extensive and broader spatial operating arena, but also much wider and broader foray in to the verticals below the surface to the sea bed and above up to periphery of the atmosphere. Unless implications of this nature are anticipated and factored in, technological forecasts themselves would trail behind the rapid advancing pace of technology and the synergies being achieved due to harmonisation and adaptation inter and intra scientific fields. Therefore it is imperative that holistic perspectives into the information consciousness arena include the oceanic domain awareness as well as it’s connect with India’s security and MDA.

Oceanic Domain Awareness (ODA)

Scientific study of the oceans originated in U.S. essentially as a function of national security. Investigations that focused on the tactical and operational impacts of the fluid, geophysical, chemical and biological marine environment upon U.S. Navy operations successfully addressed many challenging naval requirements; but oceanographic inquiry in support of naval needs also triggered unexpected results. In many instances the knowledge of the oceans that was acquired through directed studies – and through complementary lines of inquiry that were enabled by tools developed for naval oceanographic research – further impacted national security in ways that were not anticipated and which transcended tactical and operational significance and could be considered of more strategic consequence.

The primary impetus to the rapid development of oceanography during its 20th century days as a science is without a doubt the submarine and the fundamental changes that occurred when naval warfare became truly three-dimensional. Prosecuting submarines was feasible principally through the transmission of underwater sound, actively by sonar to echo-locate targets and passively by listening hydrophones and triangulation. The scope of oceanographic efforts in the pursuit of the submarine opened all of the oceanographic disciplines (physical, chemical, biological, and geological oceanography) to increased investment, research effort and – importantly – to integration. Twentieth-century oceanography was fundamentally a security-based endeavour to reduce the opacity of the oceans to antisubmarine warfare in WWI, WWII and the Cold War, and harness that opacity for offensive submarine operations, along with a host of other security based naval concerns.

Fundamental progress in basic knowledge of the ocean sciences has occurred due to advances in sensor technologies. Understanding of plate tectonics and sea floor spreading was discovered during large scale mapping of the sea floor after the World War II. This led to the revamping of theories of evolution and structure of the earth. Subsequently, the investigation of mid-ocean ridges carried out by submersibles and towed deep sea vehicles led to detection of many unknown forms of life in the hydrothermal vents and microbes below the seabed at great depths. In the past Ocean geologists, physicists, biologists, and chemists, have used an array of tools, from deep-sea drilling to instrumented buoys, to improve their understanding of role the ocean plays in controlling longer-term climate change and weather.

Scientists have now commenced a long term exploration of the chronological variations in ocean systems both for very short and prolonged time periods. Advances in technologies that have spurred this study are primarily based upon:-

-Availability of new sensors which can be placed and report upon chemical, biological and physical characteristics.

-Advances in computers and software that has enabled storing, retrieving and manipulating large volumes of sensor data. Real time availability of data to large number of research communities for interpretation, modelling, simulation and prediction.

-Advances in telecommunications through undersea cables and satellites allowing real time control of sea based sensors and transmission of bulky sensor data.

Technologies (e.g., robust sensors and infrastructure, autonomous vehicles) must be developed to enhance data collection in all weather conditions to support high-spatial resolution and near-real-time forecasting throughout the Open Ocean and coastal zone. Providing accurate and comprehensive environmental information will require expanding observational networks to monitor, record, and present real-time, surface-monitoring data (e.g., high-frequency, coastal-based radars). This expansion will require advancing sensor and technology development, particularly for autonomous and persistent observations, as well as for long-term observing systems; expanding real-time or near-real-time data collection on environmental variables by incorporating observational capabilities of ships of opportunity (e.g., fishing, cargo, and passenger vessels); and enhancing automated and autonomous bottom-mapping capabilities for change detection to improve rapid, full-scale survey scheduling.

Data collected by the observing systems must be accessible through a comprehensive national data network, either through a single system or a distributed network. Developing this data network will require new methodologies that address gaps in data collection, sharing, and interoperability of technologies, and should permit integration of existing research into operational systems (e.g., systems providing real-time navigation data to vessels). This data network should be able to link with other databases, such as those focusing on ecosystem data, and developed in accordance with international standards for data exchange. The national data network will also provide the data needed for models simulating multiple scenarios to better understand potential impacts, weather events or man-made disruptions on marine operations, and to support operations restoration plans.

The coast and open ocean are critical domains for the security of a nation with sea as boundaries, both at home and abroad. National-security operations in the ocean take place globally and often require continuous, near-real-time monitoring of environmental conditions using tools such as autonomous sensors, targeted observations, and adaptive modelling. These capabilities, combined with improved understanding of the ocean environment enabled by other ocean science research activities, will support accurate ocean-state assessments and allow future forces to conduct joint and combined operations in near shore and deep-ocean operating environments, anywhere and at anytime. Thus it can be surmised that the MDA focuses upon the maritime security environment specific to naval operations; the ODA focuses upon the overarching oceanic environment. Both are technology intensive and require sophisticated sensors and computational capabilities.MDA has tactical, regional and strategic components whereas the ODA is strategic knowledge based architecture. Both require elaborate data and information fusing interface with myriad of interconnected agencies. The MDA primarily needing vast inputs from commercial, intelligence and security agencies and the ODA from advanced research, academic and scientific communities.

In view of the discussion above it has been brought out that the MDA needs to be integrated within oceanic domain awareness for completeness of maritime knowledge, the lack of which can lead to serious consequences as has been brought out in a recent assessment of naval exercises and weapon firings in the US, where it was found that over 90% of them were affected adversely due to imperfectly assessed or little known environmental factors.  In an actual conflict, these would have led to mission failures. This along with the sinking of HMS Bounty due to the recent cyclone SANDY when it was 160 miles away from the eye of the storm, off North Carolina only under-pins the gaps in oceanic knowledge that need to be bridged and fact that Oceanic Domain Awareness is an enabler for the future and an imperative for a nation like India.

http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js

235 Comments

  5. I simply couldn’t go away your web site before suggesting that I incredibly loved the usual information a person supply in your visitors? Is gonna be once more often to examine up on new posts.

    Like

  6. I like what you guys are up also. Such clever work and reporting! Carry on the superb works guys I’ve incorporated you guys to my blogroll. I think it’ll improve the value of my web site :).

    Like

  7. Do you people possess a myspace fan page? I looked for for one particular on twitter but could not discover it, I’d seriously prefer to turn into a fan!

    Like

  8. We’re a bring of volunteers and starting a new method in our community. Your site offered us with valuable info to include on. You’ve done an impressive robbery and our full community will-power be thankful to you.

    Like

  11. Definitely I like your web-site, on the other hand you’ve got to test the spelling on very a handful of of one’s posts. Several of them are rife with spelling concerns and I obtain it extremely bothersome to inform you. On the other hand I’ll surely come once more once more!

    Like

  12. Would you thoughts primarily if I cite a few your discussions given that I deliver you credit at the same time as report sources returning to your webblog? My net portal is inside the identical market as your web site and my prospects would certainly use a few of the tips you basically present at this web site. Please let me know if this can be okay with you. Adios for now!

    Like

  14. Thank you greatly for providing and sharing with us this brilliant written content. It is extremely attractive. I’m going to share with my friends various other resources in relation to this blog. Therefore please supply this news quickly. I continuously will probably be conscious of you.

    Like

  15. Oh my goodness! Impressive article dude! Thanks, However I am having difficulties with your RSS. I don’t understand the reason why I cannot subscribe to it. Is there anyone else getting the same RSS problems? Anyone who knows the solution will you kindly respond? Thanks!!

    Like

  17. Excellent beat ! I wish to apprentice while you amend your website, how could i subscribe for a blog site? The account aided me a acceptable deal. I had been tiny bit acquainted of this your broadcast offered bright clear idea

    Like

  20. I blog often and I genuinely thank you for your content. The article has really peaked my interest. I will bookmark your blog and keep checking for new information about once a week. I opted in for your Feed as well.

    Like

  23. I was more than happy to search out this net-site.I wanted to thanks in your time for this glorious read!! I definitely having fun with every little bit of it and I have you bookmarked to take a look at new stuff you blog post.

    Like

  24. Aw, this was a really nice post. In concept I wish to put in writing like this additionally – taking time and precise effort to make a very good article… however what can I say… I procrastinate alot and not at all seem to get one thing done.

    Like

  27. An intriguing discussion is worth comment. I feel which you must write additional on this topic, it could not be a taboo topic but usually people today aren’t sufficient to speak on such topics. To the next. Cheers

    Like

  28. Nice post. I learn something totally new and challenging on websites I stumbleupon everyday. It will always be exciting to read articles from other authors and practice a little something from other websites.

    Like

  30. Good website! I truly love how it is simple on my eyes and the data are well written. I’m wondering how I might be notified whenever a new post has been made. I have subscribed to your RSS which must do the trick! Have a nice day!

    Like

  36. I’ve been browsing online more than three hours today, yet I never found any interesting article like yours. It is pretty worth enough for me. Personally, if all site owners and bloggers made good content as you did, the internet will be a lot more useful than ever before.

    Like

  37. Hi there, just became aware of your blog through Google, and found that it is truly informative. I’m going to watch out for brussels. I’ll be grateful if you continue this in future. Many people will be benefited from your writing. Cheers!

    Like

  38. I was highly pleased to acquire this web-site.I wanted to thanks for your time for this amazing read!! I surely enjoying each and every little bit of it and I have you bookmarked to take a look at new stuff you blog post.

    Like

  39. I’m impressed, I have to admit. Truly rarely do I encounter a weblog that’s both educative and entertaining, and let me tell you, you may possibly have hit the nail on the head. Your thought is outstanding; the factor is something inadequate individuals are speaking intelligently about. We are happy we located this at my seek out some thing in regards to this.

    Like

  41. I like what you guys are up too. Such intelligent work and reporting! Carry on the excellent works guys I have incorporated you guys to my blogroll. I think it will improve the value of my website :). “A court is a place where what was confused before becomes more unsettled than ever.” by Henry Waldorf Francis.

    Like

  45. Incredibly educational thank you, I reckon your current followers may well want even more well written articles or blog posts of the nature continue the excellent perform.

    Like

  48. I simply could not go away your site prior to suggesting that I extremely loved the standard information an individual provide to your
    visitors? Is going to be again steadily in order to check out new posts

    Like

  49. Very nice post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wished to say that I have really enjoyed browsing your blog posts. After all I will be subscribing to your feed and I hope you write again very soon!

    Like

  50. I like this weblog very much, Its a very nice post to read and obtain information. “Education is the best provision for old age.” by Aristotle.

    Like

  52. Thanks , I have immediately been penetrating in support of information approximately this topic for a extensive epoch and yours is the supreme I have came upon so a long way. However, what in regards to the bottom line? Are you certain in relation to the source?

    Like

  53. I discovered your weblog web site on google and verify a few of your early posts. Continue to keep up the superb operate. I just extra up your RSS feed to my MSN News Reader. Looking for ahead to reading more from you afterward!…

    Like

  55. Hey there! Would you mind if I share your blog with my twitter group? There’s a lot of people that I think would really appreciate your content. Please let me know. Thanks jdei726ya

    Like

  56. Heya i am object of the primary every so often here. I came across this directorship and I find It in the final analysis gainful & it helped me out much. I daydream to apply oneself to something away and uphold others like you helped me.

    Like

  59. Greetings, I do think your website could be having internet browser compatibility problems. Whenever I look at your web site in Safari, it looks fine however when opening in I.E., it’s got some overlapping issues. I merely wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other than that, fantastic blog!

    Like

  61. Utterly indited content material, appreciate it for selective information. “No human thing is of serious importance.” by Plato.

    Like

  62. I Simply believe that that your write-up provided was basically an informative comment with this issue now.
    It has really got me assessing every thing. In all reality you have just changed my mind on the whole subject. something I thought could not happen.
    I say thanks to you you to take the time to write this post.

    Like

  63. Thank you for some other informative site. The place else may just I am getting that kind of info written in such a perfect manner? I have a challenge that I am just now running on, and I’ve been at the glance out for such information.

    Like

  64. Please let me know if you’re looking for a author for your weblog. You have some really good posts and I feel I would be a good asset. If you ever want to take some of the load off, I’d love to write some material for your blog in exchange for a link back to mine. Please blast me an e-mail if interested. Cheers!

    Like

  65. Hi, i read your blog occasionally and i own a similar one and i was just curious if you get a lot of spam remarks? If so how do you protect against it, any plugin or anything you can advise? I get so much lately it’s driving me crazy so any help is very much appreciated. m21ws53u

    Like

  66. Pretty nice post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say that I have really enjoyed browsing your blog posts. In any case I’ll be subscribing to your feed and I hope you write again soon!

    Like

  70. I have been surfing online more than three hours today, yet I never found any interesting article like yours. It is pretty worth enough for me. Personally, if all website owners and bloggers made good content as you did, the internet will be a lot more useful than ever before.

    Like

  71. Nice post. I learn anything pretty complex on different blogs everyday. Most commonly it really is stimulating you simply read content material off their writers and use some thing from their website. I’d opt to apply particular when making use of content material on my tiny weblog regardless of whether you do not mind. Natually I’ll present link within your net weblog. Appreciate your sharing.

    Like

  73. I don’t even know how I ended up here, but I thought this post was great. I do not know who you are but certainly you’re going to a famous blogger if you are not already 😉 Cheers! m21ws53u

    Like

  74. Thank you a bunch for sharing this with all people you actually know what you are talking approximately! Bookmarked. Kindly additionally seek advice from my website =). We will have a link trade arrangement among us!

    Like

  77. Can I just now say what relief to uncover somebody that the truth is knows what theyre discussing on the web. You undoubtedly learn how you can bring an issue to light and generate it critical. Workout . need to check out this and appreciate this side with the story. I cant believe youre no a lot more well-known merely due to the fact you undoubtedly hold the gift.

    Like

  78. Thanks for producing the sincere try to discuss this. I really feel incredibly robust around it and wish to read additional. If it is OK, as you acquire much more in depth know-how, may perhaps you thoughts adding additional articles comparable to this 1 with further info? It may very well be extraordinarily practical and helpful for me and my good friends.

    Like

  79. Hey there! Would you mind if I share your blog with my facebook group? There’s a lot of folks that I think would really enjoy your content. Please let me know. Cheers m21ws53u

    Like

  81. My spouse and I absolutely love your blog and find many of your post’s to be exactly I’m looking for. Does one offer guest writers to write content for you? I wouldn’t mind composing a post or elaborating on a number of the subjects you write with regards to here. Again, awesome site!

    Like

  83. Nice post. I was checking constantly this blog and I’m impressed! Very useful information specially the last part 🙂 I care for such information a lot. I was looking for this certain information for a long time. Thank you and best of luck.

    Like

  85. naturally like your web-site but you have to check the spelling on quite a few of your posts. A number of them are rife with spelling problems and I find it very troublesome to tell the reality then again I’ll surely come again again.

    Like

  86. I do accept as true with all the ideas you’ve presented to your post. They are really convincing and can certainly work. Nonetheless, the posts are too quick for beginners. May you please extend them a bit from subsequent time? Thanks for the post.

    Like

  87. I’m truly enjoying the design and layout of your website. It’s a very easy on the eyes which makes it much more pleasant for me to come here and visit more often. Did you hire out a developer to create your theme? Great work!

    Like

  90. Can I just say what a relief to acquire a person who essentially knows what theyre talking about on the internet. You unquestionably know methods to bring an issue to light and make it imperative. Even more many people must read this and recognize this side of the story. I cant believe youre not even more preferred due to the fact you absolutely have the gift.

    Like

  91. Fantastic goods from you, man. I’ve understand your stuff previous to and you’re just too great. I actually like what you have acquired here, certainly like what you’re saying and the way in which you say it. You make it enjoyable and you still take care of to keep it wise. I cant wait to read much more from you. This is actually a great web site.

    Like

  93. I haven’t checked in here for some time because I thought it was getting boring, but the last several posts are great quality so I guess I will add you back to my everyday bloglist. You deserve it my friend 🙂

    Like

  96. Wow, amazing blog layout! How long have you been blogging for? you made blogging look easy. The overall look of your web site is magnificent, let alone the content!

    Like

  97. Heya i’m recompense the pre-eminent linger here. I develop this live and I put one’s finger on It legitimately profitable & it helped me into the open air much. I expectation to exchange something back and assist others like you aided me.

    Like

  98. Thank you, I’ve just been searching for information about this topic for a while and yours is the best I have discovered so far. However, what in regards to the conclusion? Are you positive concerning the source?

    Like

  99. Thank you, I have just been looking for information approximately this topic for a while and yours is the best I’ve came upon till now. However, what concerning the conclusion? Are you sure in regards to the source?

    Like

  103. I will right away snatch your rss as I can’t to find your email subscription link or e-newsletter service. Do you have any? Kindly permit me realize so that I may subscribe. Thanks.

    Like

  104. I’m really enjoying the style and layout of the weblog. It’s a very uncomplicated on the eyes which tends to make it a lot much more pleasant for me to come here and go to extra typically. Did you hire out a developer to create your theme? Terrific perform!

    Like

  108. We stumbled over at this point by a changed net lecture to and thought I must check effects absent. I like what I spot hence i am immediately next you. Expression forward to going over your web side repeatedly.

    Like

  111. Hello there I have to admit, I’m amazed using your website. I got created little difficulty moving by means of all the navigation watering holes and details was quite simple to get access to. I discovered what We desired right away whatsoever. Quite excellent. Would have some fun here just in case you include message boards or something is, it might be an excellent way for your customers to activate. Congrats!

    Like

  112. I’ve been surfing on-line more than 3 hours these days, but I never discovered any attention-grabbing article like yours. It is pretty price sufficient for me. Personally, if all web owners and bloggers made good content material as you probably did, the web shall be a lot more useful than ever before.

    Like

  114. Wow that was strange. I just wrote an very long comment but after I clicked submit my comment didn’t show up. Grrrr… well I’m not writing all that over again. Anyways, just wanted to say great blog!

    Like

  117. Great ˇV I should certainly pronounce, impressed with your web site. I had no trouble navigating through all tabs and related info ended up being truly simple to do to access. I recently found what I hoped for before you know it at all. Reasonably unusual. Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or anything, site theme . a tones way for your customer to communicate. Excellent task..

    Like

  118. Greetings from Florida! I’m bored to death at work so I decided to check out your website on my iphone during lunch break. I really like the knowledge you present here and can’t wait to take a look when I get home. I’m amazed at how quick your blog loaded on my phone .. I’m not even using WIFI, just 3G .. Anyways, amazing blog!

    Like

  120. Do you mind if I quote a few of your articles as long as I provide credit and sources back to your site? My blog site is in the very same area of interest as yours and my visitors would truly benefit from a lot of the information you present here. Please let me know if this okay with you. Regards!

    Like

  121. Very interesting details you have noted , regards for putting up. “Death is Nature’s expert advice to get plenty of Life.” by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

    Like

  123. Nice read, I just passed this onto a colleague who was doing a little research on that. And he actually bought me lunch since I found it for him smile Therefore let me rephrase that: Thank you for lunch! “By nature, men are nearly alike by practice, they get to be wide apart.” by Confucius.

    Like

  124. I was wondering if you ever thought of changing the page layout of your blog? Its very well written; I love what youve got to say. But maybe you could a little more in the way of content so people could connect with it better. Youve got an awful lot of text for only having one or two images. Maybe you could space it out better?

    Like

  125. Its superb as your other articles : D, appreciate it for putting up. “If Christ were here now there is one thing he would not be–a christian.” by Mark Twain.

    Like

  126. It is really a nice and helpful piece of information. I’m happy that you simply shared this helpful info with us. Please keep us informed like this. Thanks for sharing.

    Like

  128. Good site! I really love how it is easy on my eyes and the data are well written. I am wondering how I could be notified when a new post has been made. I have subscribed to your RSS which must do the trick! Have a great day!

    Like

  129. Oh my goodness! a tremendous article dude. Thanks Nevertheless I’m experiencing challenge with ur rss . Don’t know why Unable to subscribe to it. Is there anybody getting identical rss downside? Anyone who is aware of kindly respond. Thnkx

    Like

  130. I have not checked in here for a while because I thought it was getting boring, but the last few posts are great quality so I guess I’ll add you back to my daily bloglist. You deserve it my friend 🙂

    Like

  132. Thanks for one’s marvelous posting! I quite enjoyed reading it, you may be a great author.I will ensure that I bookmark your blog and will eventually come back from now on. I want to encourage that you continue your great work, have a nice holiday weekend!

    Like

  133. I liked up to you will obtain performed proper here. The caricature is tasteful, your authored subject matter stylish. nevertheless, you command get got an shakiness over that you want be delivering the following. unwell definitely come more previously again as precisely the similar just about a lot ceaselessly within case you defend this increase.

    Like

  135. I’m not sure why but this web site is loading incredibly slow for me. Is anyone else having this problem or is it a issue on my end? I’ll check back later on and see if the problem still exists.

    Like

  136. An attention-grabbing discussion is worth comment. I believe that it’s best to write more on this matter, it won’t be a taboo topic however usually persons are not enough to speak on such topics. To the next. Cheers

    Like

  137. Hello I in the vein of your wewebsite. Achieve you need to visitor publish in my own by the side of approximately point? If so you should know me through transmit or possibly reply to this kind of comment as We enrolled in notices and definately will take in if you do.

    Like

  141. whoah this blog is wonderful i love reading your posts. Keep up the great work! You know, lots of people are searching around for this info, you could help them greatly.

    Like

  143. I’m going to be sincere here: this post is fantastic! I discovered a bunch of new, fascinating information. If you could show me your newsletter link, I would be very pleased! Keep writing like this, and you will be famous in no time.

    Like

  145. Woah! I’m really enjoying the template/theme of this website. It’s simple, yet effective. A lot of times it’s difficult to get that “perfect balance” between user friendliness and visual appeal. I must say you’ve done a awesome job with this. In addition, the blog loads extremely fast for me on Safari. Exceptional Blog!

    Like

  146. Please forgive my bad English.hey there and thank you for your info – I’ve definitely picked up something new from right here. I did however expertise a few technical issues using this site, as I experienced to reload the website lots of times previous to I could get it to load properly. I had been wondering if your web host is OK? Not that I am complaining, but sluggish loading instances times will very frequently affect your placement in google and could damage your high-quality score if ads and marketing with AdWords. Anyway I’m adding this RSS to my e-mail and can look out for a lot more of your respective fascinating content. Make sure you update this again soon..

    Like

  147. When I originally commented I clicked the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and now every time a comment is added I get 4 emails using the same comment. Is there any way you may take away me from that service? Thanks!

    Like

  148. continue using the the excellent work on the website. I like it. Could perhaps use some additional updates much more often, but im positive you got far better factors to complete , hehe. =) brown vs board of education

    Like

  149. May I just simply state what a comfort to discover a person who truly understands what they’re referring to via the internet. You definitely recognize how to deliver a huge concern to light and allow it to become essential. Lots more people really need to see this and comprehend this side of your article. I was surprised that you are not very popular given that you certainly have the gift.

    Like

  150. Man! Its like you browse my mind! You seem to grasp so much regarding this, just like you wrote the book in it or one thing. i believe that you can do with some images to drive the content home a little, besides that, this is often informative blog. A outstanding browse. unwell certainly come back again.

    Like

  156. Thanks , I’ve just been looking for info about this subject for ages and yours is the greatest I’ve came upon so far. However, what concerning the conclusion? Are you positive in regards to the supply?

    Like

  159. Thanks for ones marvelous posting! I actually enjoyed reading it, you could be a great author.I will ensure that I bookmark your blog and may come back very soon. I want to encourage that you continue your great work, have a nice holiday weekend!

    Like

  160. It is appropriate time to make some plans for the future and it’s time to be happy. I’ve read this post and if I could I wish to suggest you some interesting things or tips. Maybe you could write next articles referring to this article. I desire to read more things about it!

    Like

  162. Hi, Neat post. There is a problem with your web site in internet explorer, would test this… IE still is the market leader and a big portion of people will miss your fantastic writing because of this problem.

    Like

  163. I love what you guys are up too. This sort of clever work and exposure! Keep up the amazing works guys I’ve incorporated you guys to blogroll.

    Like

  164. I’d have to speak to you right here. Which is not something Which i do! I really like to reading an report that will make people today believe. Also, thanks for allowing me to comment!

    Like

  170. I like this blog very much, Its a very nice position to read and get info . “The love of nature is consolation against failure.” by Berthe Morisot.

    Like

  171. Have you ever considered about adding a little bit more than just your articles? I mean, what you say is important and everything. Nevertheless just imagine if you added some great photos or videos to give your posts more, “pop”! Your content is excellent but with pics and videos, this website could certainly be one of the best in its niche. Terrific blog!

    Like

  172. fantastic points altogether, you simply received a brand new reader. What would you recommend about your publish that you just just produced some days ago? Any positive?

    Like

  173. That is the appropriate weblog for anybody who needs to seek out out about this topic. You understand a lot its almost onerous to argue with you (not that I truly would want…HaHa). You undoubtedly put a new spin on a subject thats been written about for years. Great stuff, just great!

    Like

  174. Can I just say what a relief to locate a person that seriously knows what theyre coping with on the web. You essentially uncover the best way to bring a worry to light to generate it important. Lots more people need to examine out this and appreciate this side in the story. I cant feel youre much less common any time you undoubtedly create the gift.

    Like

  175. With havin so much content do you ever run into any issues of plagorism or copyright infringement? My website has a lot of exclusive content I’ve either authored myself or outsourced but it looks like a lot of it is popping it up all over the internet without my permission. Do you know any solutions to help stop content from being stolen? I’d certainly appreciate it.

    Like

  176. I more typically than not usually do not submit in Blogs but your blogging internet site forced me to, magnificent job.. gorgeous. Hello, sry for my bad english but Ih ave observed your web page web web page and would say that I locate your posts superior due to the fact they have give me new ideas and new aspects. A sizable quantity of thanks for this particulars. : ) Increased An improve in.

    Like

  178. I’ll immediately snatch your rss as I can’t in finding your e-mail subscription link or newsletter service. Do you have any? Please let me recognize so that I may well just subscribe. Thanks.

    Like

  179. Thanks for your article. One other thing is when you are disposing your property on your own, one of the issues you need to be conscious of upfront is how to deal with house inspection reviews. As a FSBO supplier, the key about successfully transferring your property along with saving money upon real estate agent revenue is information. The more you already know, the smoother your property sales effort might be. One area in which this is particularly crucial is reports.

    Like

  180. I was wondering if you ever considered changing the structure of your website? Its very well written; I love what youve got to say. But maybe you could a little more in the way of content so people could connect with it better. Youve got an awful lot of text for only having one or two pictures. Maybe you could space it out better?

    Like

  182. I have read some just right stuff here. Certainly value bookmarking for revisiting. I surprise how much attempt you set to create the sort of magnificent informative website.

    Like

  183. Everything is very open with a very clear explanation of the challenges. It was really informative. Your site is extremely helpful. Thank you for sharing!

    Like

  184. Absolutely pent content, thank you for selective information. “The last time I saw him he was walking down Lover’s Lane holding his own hand.” by Fred Allen.

    Like

  186. I’m not sure where you are getting your info, but great topic. I needs to spend some time learning more or understanding more. Thanks for wonderful information I was looking for this info for my mission.

    Like

  188. As I web-site possessor I think the content matter here is rattling superb , appreciate it for the efforts. You need to keep it up forever! Fantastic Luck.

    Like

  190. I do trust all of the ideas you’ve introduced for your post. They’re very convincing and can definitely work. Still, the posts are too quick for novices. Could you please prolong them a little from subsequent time? Thank you for the post.

    Like

  191. With havin so much content and articles do you ever run into any issues of plagorism or copyright infringement? My website has a lot of exclusive content I’ve either authored myself or outsourced but it seems a lot of it is popping it up all over the web without my permission. Do you know any methods to help reduce content from being ripped off? I’d definitely appreciate it.

    Like

  192. I like what you guys are creating right here. Such smart function and writing! Carry on using the superb works guys. I have incorporated your web-site into my blogroll and my web site about HCG. I believe it can improve the value of my websiteand the traffic as well.

    Like

  194. When I initially commented I clicked the “Notify me when new comments are added” checkbox and now each time a comment is added I get several e-mails with the same comment. Is there any way you can remove people from that service? Bless you!

    Like

  196. Excellent blog here! Also your website loads up very fast! What host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host? I wish my website loaded up as quickly as yours lol

    Like

  198. An intriguing discussion is worth comment. I think that you should write more about this topic, it may not be a taboo matter but usually folks don’t discuss these topics. To the next! Best wishes!!

    Like

  199. I weigh up you finished a couple of moderately fascinating points. Not extremely a lot of folks would especially assume keen on consideration this the way you just did. I’m accurately impressed that there’s a lot regarding this subject that has been discovered and you did it accordingly properly, with hence to a great extent category. Top-notch one, be grateful you.

    Like

  200. Thanks for the sensible critique. Me and my neighbor had been just preparing to perform some research on this. We got a grab a book from our community library but I feel I learned much more clear from this post. I am incredibly glad to view such wonderful info becoming shared freely out there.

    Like

  205. Can I just say what a relief to acquire a person who essentially knows what theyre talking about on the internet. You unquestionably know methods to bring an issue to light and make it imperative. Even more many people must read this and recognize this side of the story. I cant believe youre not even more preferred due to the fact you absolutely have the gift.

    Like

  207. Can I just say what a relief to acquire a person who essentially knows what theyre talking about on the internet. You unquestionably know methods to bring an issue to light and make it imperative. Even more many people must read this and recognize this side of the story. I cant believe youre not even more preferred due to the fact you absolutely have the gift.

    Like

  208. Very interesting information!Perfect just what I was looking for! “Some people don’t get it when I’m being sarcastic.” by Leonardo DiCaprio.

    Like

  210. I’m not sure why but this web site is loading incredibly slow for me. Is anyone else having this problem or is it a issue on my end? I’ll check back later on and see if the problem still exists.

    Like

  211. I was highly pleased to acquire this web-site.I wanted to thanks for your time for this amazing read!! I surely enjoying each and every little bit of it and I have you bookmarked to take a look at new stuff you blog post.

    Like

  212. Hmm it appears like your blog ate my first comment (it was super long) so I guess I’ll just sum it up what I wrote and say, I’m thoroughly enjoying your blog. I as well am an aspiring blog writer but I’m still new to everything. Do you have any recommendations for beginner blog writers? I’d definitely appreciate it. does breast actives work http://breastactivesdigest.com/

    Like

  213. I just want to mention I am beginner to weblog and definitely liked this web-site. Very likely I’m want to bookmark your website . You amazingly come with terrific well written articles. Thanks for sharing with us your blog site.

    Like

  214. Awfully enlightening many many thanks, It looks like your current readers may possibly want even more blog posts similar to this continue the fantastic effort.

    Like

  215. Good blog! I truly love how it is easy on my eyes and the data are well written. I’m wondering how I could be notified whenever a new post has been made. I have subscribed to your RSS which must do the trick! Have a nice day!

    Like

  216. Only desire to express your current write-up is really as surprising. Your understanding to your set up is only nice i will you might be an authority with this issue. Good together with your authorization well then, i’ll to get your Rss to settle up to date using drawing close submit. Thanks a lot 1, 1,000, Thousand plus be sure to continue on the satisfying function.

    Like

  218. Pingback: Marko plots

  219. Excellent blog here! Also your site loads up very fast! What web host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host? I wish my web site loaded up as fast as yours lol

    Like

  220. This really is really good subject matter. It sparks thought in the reader and it is written clearly so it is easy to study and grasp. Thank you for sharing your knowledge.

    Like

  221. Interesting element of articles. I simply located your internet site as well as in accession funds to assert that I acquire essentially adored account your blog post content. By any means We will be signing up your nourishes or simply My spouse and i achievement you have the ways to access constantly promptly.

    Like

  222. I just want to mention I’m beginner to blogging and seriously savored this web blog. Most likely I’m likely to bookmark your site . You definitely come with impressive articles and reviews. Thank you for sharing your blog.

    Like

  224. Pingback: Cheap Oakleys

  227. I simply want to tell you that I am beginner to blogs and honestly enjoyed your website. More than likely I’m want to bookmark your blog . You actually have very good articles and reviews. Kudos for sharing your website page.

    Like

  228. Hello There. I found your blog the use of msn. This is an extremely neatly written article.
    I’ll make sure to bookmark it and return to learn extra of your helpful info. Thank you for the post. I’ll certainly return.

    Like

  229. I’ve been surfing on-line more than 3 hours today, yet I never found any fascinating article like yours. It is pretty value enough for me. Personally, if all site owners and bloggers made excellent content as you probably did, the internet might be a lot more helpful than ever before.

    Like

  230. This is very attention-grabbing, You’re a very professional blogger. I have joined your feed and sit up for looking for extra of your great post. Additionally, I have shared your site in my social networks

    Like

  232. Pingback: how to build a solar panel

  233. Thank you for the sensible critique. Me and my neighbor were just preparing to do a little research about this. We got a grab a book from our local library but I think I learned more clear from this post. I’m very glad to see such wonderful info being shared freely out there.

    Like

  234. Pingback: league of legends best cosplay

Comments are closed.