(Published article in SP’s Naval Forces Apr 2012)
Modern blue water navies have the ability to project a sustainable threat in 3 dimensions; namely sub-surface, surface and airborne; at large distances across seas, far away from their home ports. This in turn implies integral capabilities of blue water navies to trounce threats; posed from under water, surface and air; to their constituent units, while carrying out their assigned tasks. In the author’s opinion the concept of ‘limited area ocean dominance in three dimensions’ is likely to change to ‘limited area oceanic-space dominance’ in the next decade as the navies grapple with satellite based surveillance and weapon systems of the enemy and acquire wherewithal to counter threats to their operations from space as well.
The aim of this article, however, is to dwell upon trends of three major classes of weapons currently in the armoury of a naval ship to tackle threats from underwater, surface and the air. The discussion therefore will focus on the naval gun in dual role, the heavy weight torpedo and the cruise missile.
The Naval Gun
The Naval gun made its appearance sometime in the 16th century on board ‘Galleys’ which enabled them to fight enemy ships and also carry out attacks against shore based fortresses. Advances in chemistry and metallurgy by middle of the 19th century led not only to heavier and larger calibre naval guns but also to solid shots being replaced by explosive filled shells. The increase in calibre of the naval gun however was somewhat countered by the advent of the quick firing gun, the ships started carrying both a light QF gun (~6 inches calibre) as well as a heavy medium calibre main gun (~12 inches calibre). In the 20th century the improvements in the rate of fire of big guns made the navies to switch over to ‘all big-gun’ battleships. The rise in calibre of guns (to as much as 18.1 inches in case of Japanese Yamamoto!) was however halted post WW II with the arrival of the aircraft carrier and the surface to surface missile. With the emphasis shifting to the missile, the naval gun lost its place as the main armament of the battleship. Modern warships usually carry a 3 inch to 5 inch calibre gun capable of anti-surface, shore bombardment and anti air missions and/or a rapid firing small calibre gun for anti missile and anti air defence.
Current developments in the naval gun are based upon two approaches, one, that the gun would only have a secondary role to play as compared to the missiles and the carrier based aircraft, It would be useful in shore bombardment and for use against smaller ships, and second that the naval gun would still have a general purpose potential as an anti-aircraft, anti-missile and anti fast missile boat weapon. The former has led to the American 5” Mark 45 and the British 4.5”Mk.8 (20-25 rpm at ~25 Tons), and the later to the development of the widely used Italian Oto Melara 76.2 mm (120 rpm, 7.5 Tons in super rapid version) amongst others.
The 127mm Oto Melara, offered by the Italians; with a firing rate of 45 rpm and total weight of 22 Tons and ability to fire the ammunition of American 5” Mark 45; is an attempt to combine both approaches. Further, the Vulcano rounds (HEFSDS) are a family of long range rounds for the Oto Melara127 mm gun. These include, GPS/IMU guided ammunition capable of engaging land based surface targets at a range beyond 100 km and unguided, 70 km range ammunition with an infrared seeker, terminally guided version, for the engagement of surface naval targets.
The Russians have developed three fast firing automatic guns, AK-176M: L/59 calibre, 120 rpm, AK-100: L/59, 60 rpm, and AK-130: L/54, 84 rpm calibres. The favourite appears to be the 100mm A190 (E) variant which is claimed to offer three times the accuracy of AK-100 with 80 rpm, apart from the unguided shells, it is also available with rocket-assisted and guided and long-range shells.
Trend
The naval gun has moved towards a general purpose role with the current developments leading to medium calibre, lighter weight, swifter rate of fire and more potent longer range ammunition. As technology advances, the gun mount weight will get further reduced and the rate of fire enhanced, the general purpose naval gun will continue to be in use for anti surface, anti aircraft, anti missile and naval gun fire support roles albeit with much smarter munitions.
The above developments indicate that the naval gun is apparently not going to be discarded in favour of the missiles in near future, at least not until the missiles become cost beneficial as compared to the naval gun.
Torpedoes
The Spar Torpedo was perhaps the first torpedo designed to attack a target. It comprised of a long spar (~ 30 ft) with an explosive fitted at the end. This torpedo would be positioned underwater in the forward section of a warship and detonated when it came in contact with the target ship. The explosive would usually rip open the hull below the waterline. The USS Housatonic is understood to have been sunk by Confederate submarine H L Hunley using a spar torpedo.
The word torpedo had been associated with various types of hidden explosive devices in the past like land mines, sea mines and booby traps etc till the self propelled torpedo appeared on the scene and claimed the word exclusively. The self propelling torpedo is perhaps the most feared of underwater weapons against ships and submarines, since its invention in 1870s.
The heavy weight torpedo (HWT) is the weapon of choice for the submarines not only against enemy ships but also against moving /static bottomed enemy submarines. HWTs are also carried by ships for attacking submarines.
The torpedoes are an embodiment of a synergetic mix of engineering disciplines ranging from mechanics, hydraulics, electronics, acoustics, explosive chemistry etc. to sophisticated software and computing. Their development has therefore involved differences in propulsion designs from steam engines to electrical motors to thermal engines and rocket motors. The control and guidance systems have also evolved from simplistic mechanical/ hydraulic to sophisticated electronic and onboard computer based systems. The guidance has further diversified in to self guided and wire guided varieties. The simple straight runners have given way to active passive homers and wake homers to counter moving targets. The warheads have moved from minol based to TNT/RDX/Al and now on to insensitive explosives with a life of over 40 years. The warheads over the years have been fitted with simple contact exploders, to acoustic influence and magnetic influence proximity fuses. The diameter of the torpedoes has ranged from 324mm to 483mm to 650mm, and before settling for internationally acceptable 533mm. Interestingly with the advent of microelectronics space has never been a constraint for the torpedo and electronic/ software updates always get comfortably accommodated in the torpedo.
A major technical feature that sets apart a torpedo from a missile is the fact that a practice torpedo is recoverable for reuse, this enables excellent weapon capability assessment, crew training as well as analysis of vital firing geometry, and it makes torpedo practice firings far more cost effective and lucrative as compared to missiles.
Few of the note worthy heavy weight torpedoes are the American Mk 48 Adcap, the Italian Blackshark , the German DM2A4 and the Russian 53-65 K oxygen torpedo. A brief comparison of their major characteristics is given below:-
Torpedo
|
Country |
Propulsion |
Guidance |
Homing |
Proximity Fuze |
Speed/Range |
MK 48 ADCAP |
USA |
Otto Fuel |
Wire |
Acoustic |
Magnetic |
55Kts/38Km |
Blackshark |
Italy |
Electrical |
Wire |
Acoustic |
Multi-freq acoustic |
50Kts/50Km |
DM2A4 |
Germany |
Electrical |
Wire |
Acoustic |
Magnetic |
50Kts/50Km |
53-65 K |
Russia |
Kerosene-Oxygen Turbine |
— |
Wake homing |
— |
45Kts/19Km |
Trends
The torpedo has been evolving with leaps in technology but some characteristics towards which the designers want the HWT to head towards are:-
-faster speeds, at least 50% faster than the target ships and submarines (~over 60 Kts). Quieter signature, such that a slow moving or a bottomed submarine may not detect its presence till it is impossible to outsmart it.
-better reliability, in detection, quicker in acquisition, and firm in tracking, of the target.
-enhanced ranges of operation (>100 Kms)
-smarter electronics, so that its counter-countermeasures are effective in out manoeuvring the decoys and evading tactics.
-deadlier in attack, so that its lethality radius in proximity detonation increases beyond the 4-10 meters existing today.
The costs continue to go up with new features and advancements, but with more and more modular assemblies the maintenance is becoming easier.
The vagaries of the medium (underwater acoustics) leading to injection of uncertainties in the fire control solutions would ensure that the torpedo will continue to be in the weapon outfits of ships and submarines till the underwater threat exists.
Cruise Missiles
The cruise missile owes it origins to the German V1/V2 rockets and mainly to the fact that manned aircraft missions had proved to be very expensive during the wars (loss of trained fighter pilots as well as expensive aircraft). Unfortunately the cruise missile development until the 1970s resulted only in unreliable and inaccurate outcomes which were not acceptable to the armed forces. Cruise missiles overcame their inherent technical difficulties and owe their tremendous success and popularity to some of the technological advances in the fields of:-
-propulsion, namely small turbofan jet engines resulted in smaller and lighter airframes.
-miniaturisation of electronic components, led to much smaller on board computers thus to much better guidance and control abilities.
– high density fuels and much better explosives and smaller warheads.
Cruise missiles have become weapons of choice at sea because of their ability to fly close to the sea surface at very high speeds (sub-sonic/supersonic), formidable wave point programming and lethal explosive capabilities. These make the missiles very difficult to detect and counter at sea. Some of the naval cruise missiles worth mentioning are the Brahmos, the Tomahawk, the Club and the Exocet family. A brief comparison is given below:-
Missile | Tomahawk | Brahmos | Club | Exocet |
Country | USA | India-Russia | Russia | France |
Weight | 1200 Kg | 2500-3000 Kg | 1300-2300 Kg | 670 Kg |
Warhead | 450 Kg | 300 Kg | 400 Kg | 165 Kg |
Range | 450 Km | 290 Km | 300 Km | 180 Km |
Speed | 880 Km/h | 3675 Km/h | 735-3675 Km/h | 1134 Km/h |
Guidance | GPS,TERCOM,DSMAC | Inertial, Active Radar | Inertial, Active Radar | Inertial, Active Radar |
Trends
It appears that the trend towards hypersonic scramjet cruise missiles will continue to gather momentum and such missiles could be in the naval inventories by 2020. Coupled with hypersonic missiles would be real time target data updating and guidance by extremely fast computers and satellite based systems. The kinetic energy of hypersonic cruise missiles would be a lethality multiplier against targets at sea and therefore such a missile would be a formidable weapon without a credible countermeasure as on date. The costs continue to increase with new developments; however maintenance requirements appear to be reducing with canisterised missiles.
The proliferation of precision guided missiles would continue to increase with the spread of globalisation.
Looking Beyond 2020
Two critical factors which would have wide ranging impact on naval armament in the next decade, pertain to firstly the construction of the weapon perse, and secondly to efficient deployment of the weapon in the zone of conflict. These are namely the impact of nanotechnology and net work centric warfare (NCW).
Nanotechnology Almost all disciplines of engineering have been impacted by the advances in nanotechnology and therefore naval armament technology is no exception. Specifically, usage of high energy nanomaterials in batteries, propellants, fuels, triggering devices and warheads, will make the weapons faster, longer ranged and much more lethal. Incorporation of nanotechnology in computing, communications, sensor technology, signal processing etc would see advent of much smarter weapons than today. The physical size would also see a significant downward trend leading to lesser production costs; this coupled with very high precision would reduce the costs of engagement per target.
NCW One of the major limiting problems faced today by naval forces is to accurately detect, acquire, track and attack (DATA) enemy targets under all weather conditions. Further due to the presence of human interfaces at various stages of the DATA cycle introduces time based inaccuracies/ inefficiencies as real time information is not available with operators. Net work centric warfare has the capability to drastically cut down inefficiencies in the DATA cycle as NCW structured weapons would provide for sharing of real time target information between weapons as well as between units engaging them. This would permit course correction of guided weapons even after their release and up to final impact. With NCW the PGMs would be amenable to in flight trajectory correction and thus enhance the ability to attack fast manoeuvring targets. NCW weapons would be available by the next decade.
Only navies, with both nano technology and NCW enabled weapons, would be able to effectively accomplish ‘limited oceanic space dominance’.
Having read this I believed it was really enlightening. I appreciate you taking the time and energy to put this article together. I once again find myself personally spending way too much time both reading and posting comments. But so what, it was still worthwhile!
LikeLike
very good publish, i actually love this web site, keep on it
LikeLike
Hey dude” what sort of wordpress theme are you employing? i want it to utilize on my website also “
LikeLike
I was highly pleased to acquire this web-site.I wanted to thanks for your time for this amazing read!! I surely enjoying each and every little bit of it and I have you bookmarked to take a look at new stuff you blog post.
LikeLike
Can I only say what a help to seek out somebody who definitely knows what theyre speaking about over the internet. You certainly know obtain out tips on how to convey a difficulty to gentle and make it essential. Much more men and women really need to find out this and perceive this side from the story. I cant picture youre no a lot more fashionable since you undoubtedly have the gift.
LikeLike
Can I simply say that of a relief to seek out a person that in actual fact knows what theyre speaking about on the net. You truly know ways to bring an issue to light to make it significant. Lots much more persons must examine out this and see why side from the story. I cant feel youre less well known simply mainly because you surely develop the gift.
LikeLike
Great post! Thanks for sharing. By the way please apply some spam filters for the spam users.
LikeLike
I have learn several just right stuff here. Certainly price bookmarking for revisiting. I wonder how much attempt you set to create this type of wonderful informative site.
LikeLike
good one for taking the time to discuss this, I feel strongly about it and really like learning additional on this topic. If achievable, as you gain expertise, could you thoughts updating your web page with a lot more information? as it can be exceptionally valuable for me.
LikeLike
Good post. I learn one particular thing tougher on different blogs daily. It really should all the time be stimulating to discover content from unique writers and observe slightly a thing from their store. I’d want to utilize some using the content on my weblog no matter if you do not thoughts. Natually I’ll offer you a link inside your internet weblog. Thanks for sharing.
LikeLike
wonderful points altogether, you just received a brand new reader. What would you recommend about your publish that you made a few days in the past? Any positive?
LikeLike
Hiya very nice web site!! Guy .. Beautiful .. Wonderful .. I’ll bookmark your blog and take the feeds alsoI’m happy to search out so many helpful information here in the post, we need develop more strategies in this regard, thank you for sharing. . . . . .
LikeLike
Hello. Really great website!! Man .. Attractive .. Fantastic .. I’ll bookmark your web site and take the feeds also…I am glad to locate many handy information right here inside the article. Thank you for sharing..
LikeLike
Thank you so significantly for spending some time to line all of this out for individuals. This posting has been extremely beneficial in my opinion.
LikeLike
I would like to thnkx for the efforts you have situate in script this blog. I’m hoping the consistent high-grade website post from you in the forthcoming as fine. Popular actuality your creative script skills has encouraged me to get my own tangle site at this moment. In truth the blogging is spreading its wings rapidly. Your compose positive is a vast illustration of it.
LikeLike
You actually make it seem so easy with your presentation but I find this matter to be really something which I think I would never understand. It seems too complex and extremely broad for me. I’m looking forward for your next post, I’ll try to get the hang of it!
LikeLike
I was very pleased to find this great site. I need to to thank you for your time just for this fantastic read!! I definitely appreciated every part of it and I have you book-marked to see new information in your web site.
LikeLike
Wow! This can be one particular of the most helpful blogs We have ever arrive across on this subject. Actually Excellent. I’m also a specialist in this topic so I can understand your effort.
LikeLike
very nice post, i surely really like this fabulous website, keep on it
LikeLike
I have read several just right stuff here. Definitely worth bookmarking for revisiting. I wonder how so much attempt you put to make any such great informative website.
LikeLike
I’m commonly to blogging and i honestly appreciate your content. The post has certainly peaks my interest. I am going to bookmark your web site and keep checking for new data.
LikeLike
Thank you for sharing superb informations. Your website is so cool. I am impressed by the details that you’ve on this blog. It reveals how nicely you understand this subject. Bookmarked this website page, will come back for extra articles. You, my pal, ROCK! I found just the information I already searched everywhere and just couldn’t come across. What a perfect web site.
LikeLike
Very nice post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say that I have truly enjoyed surfing around your blog posts. After all I’ll be subscribing to your rss feed and I hope you write again very soon!
LikeLike
F*ckin’ amazing kotiuaq issues here. I’m very glad to look your post. Thanks a lot and i’m looking ahead to touch you. Will you please drop me a e-mail?
LikeLike
Good post. I certainly appreciate this site. Keep it up!
LikeLike
I was highly pleased to acquire this web-site.I wanted to thanks for your time for this amazing read!! I surely enjoying each and every little bit of it and I have you bookmarked to take a look at new stuff you blog post.
LikeLike
Pretty fascinating subject, warm regards for advertisment. “Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate.” by John Fitzgerald Kennedy..
LikeLike
You really make it seem really easy together with your presentation however I find this matter to be really something which I feel I’d by no means understand. It seems too complex and very broad for me. I am looking ahead for your next put up, I will attempt to get the cling of it!
LikeLike
Great blog! Do you have any suggestions for aspiring writers? I’m hoping to start my own website soon but I’m a little lost on everything. Would you propose starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many options out there that I’m totally overwhelmed .. Any ideas? Bless you!
LikeLike
Thanks a lot! I love this log.
LikeLike
I’d like to read more such blogs.
LikeLike
I’m inspired to write my own blog.
LikeLike
It is a mine of information, indeed!
LikeLike
Its great as your other posts : D, thanks for posting .
LikeLike
This blog should exist forever.
LikeLike
I truly appreciate this post. I’ve been looking everywhere for this! Thank goodness I found it on Bing. You’ve made my day! Thanks again!
LikeLike
I’m amazed. This blog is excellent.
LikeLike
Thankyou for helping out, excellent info .
LikeLike
Fantastic website. Lots of useful info here. I’m sending it to a few friends ans also sharing in delicious. And obviously, thanks for your effort!
LikeLike
I was highly pleased to acquire this web-site.I wanted to thanks for your time for this amazing read!! I surely enjoying each and every little bit of it and I have you bookmarked to take a look at new stuff you blog post.
LikeLike
Woh I love your posts , saved to my bookmarks ! .
LikeLike
Very interesting topic , regards for posting . “I do not pretend to know where many ignorant men are sure-that is all that agnosticism means.” by Clarence Darrow.
LikeLike
I was looking at some of your posts on this website and I think this internet site is rattling informative! Keep posting.
LikeLike
I sorry for bad English.As I website possessor I believe the content material here is rattling wonderful , appreciate it for your efforts. You should keep it up forever! Good Luck.
LikeLike
Heya just wanted to provide you a speedy heads up and allow you to know several with the photographs are not loading correctly. I’m not certain why but I assume its a linking problem. I’ve tried it in two unique browsers and each show the same outcomes.
LikeLike
I am ordinarily to blogging and i really respect your content material. The short article has genuinely peaks my interest. I’m going to bookmark your website and hold checking for brand new information.
LikeLike
Magnificent site. Plenty of helpful information here. I am sending it to a few friends ans additionally sharing in delicious. And naturally, thanks to your sweat!
LikeLike
Deference to article author , some great information . “When you cease to dream you cease to live.” by Malcolm Stevenson Forbes.
LikeLike
Good mode of significant, and fine article to acquire information regarding my presentation focus, which i am going to deliver in academy.
LikeLike
This web site is really a stroll-by way of for the entire data you needed about this and didn’t know who to ask. Glimpse right here, and you’ll undoubtedly discover it.
LikeLike
Howdy sir, you might have a truly great weblog layout “
LikeLike
Im obliged for the blog article.Much thanks again. Cool.
LikeLike
As I site possessor I believe the content material here is rattling magnificent , appreciate it for your hard work. You should keep it up forever! Best of luck.
LikeLike
Merely wanna say that this is extremely helpful, Thanks for taking your time to compose this.
LikeLike
Very interesting info!Perfect just what I was searching for!
LikeLike
WONDERFUL Post.thanks used for share..more time lag .. …
LikeLike
Thanks for every other wonderful post. The place else could anybody get that type of info in such an ideal method of writing?
I have a presentation next week, and I’m on the search for
such info.
LikeLike
Thankyou for helping out, great information.
LikeLike
Hello there would you mind letting me identify which webhost you’re effective with? I’ve full your blog in three perfectly different browsers and I essential articulate this blog hundreds loads sooner in that case on the whole. Are you intelligent to commend an outstanding web hosting supplier by a good worth? Cheers, I admire it!
LikeLike
One thing is one of the most typical incentives for applying your cards is a cash-back or even rebate present. Generally, you’ll receive 1-5% back for various expenditures. Depending on the card, you may get 1% back again on most purchases, and 5% again on expenses made using convenience stores, filling stations, grocery stores and also ‘member merchants’.
LikeLike
Its similar to you recite my mind! You appear to get a lot concerning this, comparable you wrote the book in it or impressive. I reflect that you could solve with some pics to drive the message dwelling a insufficiently fragment, except other than that, this is vast blog. A vast read. I will certainly be real back.
LikeLike
This design is steller! You obviously know how to keep a reader amused. Between your wit and your videos, I was almost moved to start my own blog (well, almost…HaHa!) Excellent job. I really enjoyed what you had to say, and more than that, how you presented it. Too cool!
LikeLike
Conveniently, the post is truly the greatest on this laudable subject. I concur along with your conclusions and will thirstily watch forward to your future updates. Saying cheers is not going to just be adequate, for the great c lucidity inside your writing. I’ll instantaneously grab your rss feed to stay privy of any updates. Solid perform and significantly success within your enterprise enterprise!
LikeLike
Do you mind proviso I quote a few of your posts as long as I give thanks and sources back to your site? My blog is in the same consistent locale of interest as yours and my visitors would positively gain beginning a lot of the information you present here. Please let me get rider this alright with you. Thanks!
LikeLike
Fantastic goods from you, man. I’ve understand your stuff previous to and you are just extremely wonderful. I really like what you’ve acquired here, really like what you are stating and the way in which you say it. You make it entertaining and you still take care of to keep it smart. I can not wait to read much more from you. This is really a great site.
LikeLike
Have you ever thought about writing an ebook or guest authoring on other blogs? I have a blog based upon on the same information you discuss and would really like to have you share some stories/information. I know my viewers would enjoy your work. If you are even remotely interested, feel free to send me an email. jdei726ya
LikeLike
Excellent items from you, man. I’ve bear in mind your stuff previous to and you are simply extremely magnificent. I really like what you’ve bought here, certainly like what you are stating and the way in which during which you assert it. You make it enjoyable and you continue to take care of to keep it sensible. I cant wait to learn much more from you. This is actually a terrific site.
LikeLike
Oh i really envy the way you post topics, how i wish i could write like that.’*’,`
LikeLike
Sweet blog! I found it while searching on Yahoo News. Do you have any tips on how to get listed in Yahoo News? I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem to get there! Many thanks
LikeLike
Hi there, beautiful weblog with great informational content. This is a really interesting and informative post.
LikeLike
Thanks for sharing excellent informations. Your web-site is very cool. I am impressed by the details that you’ve on this blog. It reveals how nicely you perceive this subject. Bookmarked this website page 🙂
http://www.arbgate.com/2012/08/realplayer-plus-150614.html
LikeLike
Heya i am for the primary time here. I came across this board and I in finding It truly useful & it helped me out much. I hope to offer something back and aid others like you aided me.
LikeLike
I’m impressed, I need to say. Actually rarely do I encounter a blog that’s both educative and entertaining, and let me tell you, you might have hit the nail on the head. Your idea is excellent; the issue is one thing that not enough people are speaking intelligently about. I am very pleased that I stumbled throughout this in my search for something referring to this.
LikeLike
You can definitely see your skills in the work you write. The sector hopes for even more passionate writers such as you who aren’t afraid to mention how they believe. Always follow your heart. “Man is the measure of all things.” by Protagoras.
LikeLike
I am not that a lot of a online reader to be sincere nonetheless your blogs really trivial, keep it up! I’ll go to the front and bookmark your locate to restore over soon on. Every one of the best
LikeLike
I am extremely impressed with your writing abilities and also
with the layout for your weblog. Is that this a
paid topic or did you customize it yourself?
Anyway keep up the nice high quality writing, it is rare
to peer a nice blog like this one these days.
.
LikeLike
Thank you for providing those valuable, dependable, educational and in addition easy tips about the topic to Julie.
LikeLike
You made some respectable points there. I regarded on the web for the problem and found most individuals will associate with along with your website. m21ws53u
LikeLike
What i don’t understood is in reality how you’re not actually a lot more smartly-favored than you might be now. You’re very intelligent. You know therefore considerably in the case of this topic, produced me personally believe it from so many numerous angles.
LikeLike
Hi there just wanted to give you a quick heads up. Thanks
LikeLike
I love your blog.. very nice colors & theme. Did you design this website yourself or did you hire someone to do it for you? Plz reply as I’m looking to construct my own blog and would like to know where u got this from. thank you
LikeLike
I just could not go away your web site prior to suggesting that I extremely loved the usual information a person supply for your guests? Is gonna be once more often in order to verify out new posts.
LikeLike
I’ve discovered a terrific deal of extremely fantastic content on your web website. I will unquestionably be back once again for lots a lot more.
LikeLike
I am constantly browsing online for posts that can facilitate me. Thanks! m21ws53u
LikeLike
I’d should talk to you here. Which is not one thing Which i do! I enjoy to reading an post that may make persons believe. Also, thanks for permitting me to comment!
LikeLike
I’m ordinarily to blogging i definitely appreciate your articles. This short article has actually peaks my interest. Let me bookmark your net weblog and sustain checking for brand spanking new information.
LikeLike
I was recommended this web site by my cousin. I’m not sure whether this post is written by him as no one else know such detailed about my problem. You are amazing! Thanks!
LikeLike
I have been browsing on-line more than three hours today, but I by no means found any fascinating article like yours. It’s beautiful price sufficient for me. Personally, if all website owners and bloggers made excellent content material as you probably did, the net can be much more helpful than ever before. “No nation was ever ruined by trade.” by Benjamin Franklin.
LikeLike
Definitely, what a great website and revealing posts, I surely will bookmark your blog.All the Best!
LikeLike
Nice blog here! Also your web site loads up very fast! What host are you using? Can I get your affiliate link to your host? I wish my web site loaded up as fast as yours lol m21ws53u
LikeLike
Utterly pent content material , thanks for information .
LikeLike
Hi, Neat post. There is an issue with your site in internet explorer, might check this… IE still is the marketplace chief and a big element of other folks will pass over your magnificent writing because of this problem.
LikeLike
I am constantly thought about this, thankyou for putting up.
LikeLike
I’m impressed, I need to say. Really rarely do I encounter a website that is each educative and entertaining, and with out a doubt, you could have hit the nail within the head. Your notion is outstanding; ab muscles something which insufficient persons are speaking intelligently about. We’re really delighted that I found this in my look for out a thing with this.
LikeLike
A person necessarily lend a hand to make seriously posts I might state. That is the very first time I frequented your website page and to this point? I amazed with the research you made to make this particular post incredible. Fantastic process!
LikeLike
Nice post. I find out anything more complicated on distinct blogs daily. Most frequently it truly is stimulating to study content utilizing their corporation writers and use somewhat from their web-site. I’d prefer to apply specific although using content material on my small weblog irrespective of regardless of whether you do not thoughts. Natually I’ll provide you a link for your web weblog. Quite a few thanks sharing.
LikeLike
Just wish to say your article is as astonishing. The clearness on your post is just nice and i can think you are an expert on this subject. Well with your permission allow me to snatch your feed to keep up to date with forthcoming post. Thank you a million and please keep up the gratifying work. m21ws53u
LikeLike
Utterly written subject material , Really enjoyed hunting by means of .
LikeLike
Whoah this weblog is great i adore studying your articles. Remain up the wonderful function! You understand, a whole lot of folks are hunting round for this information, you may help them significantly.
LikeLike
Very interesting info !Perfect just what I was searching for! “People everywhere confuse what they read in newspapers with news.” by A. J. Liebling.
LikeLike
Great awesome things here. I am very glad to peer your article. Thanks so much and i’m looking forward to contact you. Will you please drop me a e-mail?
LikeLike
An impressive share, Big thumb up for this weblog post!
LikeLike
With havin so much content and articles do you ever run into any problems of plagorism or copyright infringement? My website has a lot of exclusive content I’ve either authored myself or outsourced but it appears a lot of it is popping it up all over the web without my agreement. Do you know any techniques to help prevent content from being stolen? I’d genuinely appreciate it. m21ws53u
LikeLike
I’ve been absent for a while, but now I remember why I used to love this web site. Thank you, I’ll try and check back more often. How frequently you update your web site?
LikeLike
Hey I am so glad I found your weblog, I really found you by mistake, while I was researching on Bing for something else, Anyways I am here now and would just like to say thanks for a tremendous post and a all round enjoyable blog (I also love the theme/design), I don’t have time to look over it all at the minute but I have book-marked it and also included your RSS feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read much more, Please do keep up the excellent work.
LikeLike
I’m really enjoying the theme/design of your website. Do you ever run into any web browser compatibility problems? A few of my blog readers have complained about my website not operating correctly in Explorer but looks great in Firefox. Do you have any tips to help fix this issue?
LikeLike
Great ?I should definitely pronounce, impressed with your web site. I had no trouble navigating through all tabs as well as related information ended up being truly simple to do to access. I recently found what I hoped for before you know it in the least. Quite unusual. Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or anything, site theme . a tones way for your customer to communicate. Excellent task..
LikeLike
Thank you for any other fantastic article. The place else may just anyone get that kind of info in such an ideal manner of writing? I have a presentation subsequent week, and I’m on the look for such info.
LikeLike
This is very interesting, You are a very skilled blogger. I’ve joined your feed and look forward to seeking more of your excellent post. Also, I have shared your web site in my social networks!
LikeLike
Nice-looking section of content. I honourable stumbled upon your orientation and in accession top-hole to assert that I purchase in happening enjoyed account your blog posts. Anyway I ordain be subscribing to your augment and even I deed you access constantly quickly.
LikeLike
you’re in point of fact a good webmaster. The website loading speed is incredible. It kind of feels that you’re doing any distinctive trick. Also, The contents are masterwork. you’ve performed a magnificent task in this matter!
LikeLike
I am constantly browsing online for ideas that can facilitate me. Thank you!
LikeLike
Excellent blog! Do you have any suggestions for aspiring writers? I’m hoping to start my own blog soon but I’m a little lost on everything. Would you propose starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many choices out there that I’m completely confused .. Any recommendations? Thanks!
LikeLike
Merely wanna admit that this can be quite useful , Thanks for taking your time to compose this.
LikeLike
I’m commonly to blogging and i honestly appreciate your content. The post has certainly peaks my interest. I am going to bookmark your web site and keep checking for new data.
LikeLike
I’m content for the work then hope you recognize what an incredible job you happen to be providing training the other individuals all through your internet website. I’m specific you have got in no way encounter any of us.
LikeLike
Wow. There’s so a great deal information here it hurts my head. Excellent job
LikeLike
Heya i am object of the first place space here. I came across this board and I find It really useful & it helped me inoperative much. I assumption to give something back and uphold others like you helped me.
LikeLike
I have recently started a website, the information you provide on this web site has helped me tremendously. Thank you for all of your time & work. “So full of artless jealousy is guilt, It spills itself in fearing to be spilt.” by William Shakespeare.
LikeLike
Nice read, I just passed this onto a colleague who was doing a little research on that. And he actually bought me lunch as I found it for him smile Therefore let me rephrase that: Thank you for lunch!
LikeLike
But a smiling visitor here to share the love (:, btw outstanding layout.
LikeLike
I am continually looking online for articles that can benefit me. Thanks!
LikeLike
Very interesting topic, thanks for posting.
LikeLike
Its like you interpret my mind! You appear to know a lot about this, approximating you wrote the book in it or impressive. I reflect that you could do with a few pics to drive the message residential home a bit, except further than that, this is first-rate blog. An admirable interpret. I will positively be present back.
LikeLike
Hi! I’ve been following your website for a long time now and finally got the courage to go ahead and give you a shout out from New Caney Texas! Just wanted to mention keep up the good job!
LikeLike
I see that you are using WordPress on your blog, wordpress is the best.*:~-”
LikeLike
Does your site have a contact page? I’m having problems locating it but, I’d like to shoot you an email. I’ve got some ideas for your blog you might be interested in hearing. Either way, great site and I look forward to seeing it expand over time.
LikeLike
Fantastic web site. Plenty of helpful information here. Iˇ¦m sending it to several friends ans additionally sharing in delicious. And obviously, thanks in your effort!
LikeLike
My partner and I absolutely love your blog and find most of your post’s to be just what I’m looking for. can you offer guest writers to write content to suit your needs? I wouldn’t mind creating a post or elaborating on a few of the subjects you write about here. Again, awesome blog!
LikeLike
Hello.This article was really remarkable, especially because I was searching for thoughts on this subject last Tuesday.
LikeLike
Real great visual appeal on this website, I’d value it 10.
LikeLike
I have been surfing online more than 3 hours today, yet I never found any interesting article like yours. It is pretty worth enough for me. In my opinion, if all site owners and bloggers made good content as you did, the internet will be a lot more useful than ever before.
LikeLike
I like what you guys are up too. Such clever work and reporting! Carry on the excellent works guys I’ve incorporated you guys to my blogroll. I think it’ll improve the value of my web site 🙂
LikeLike
Thanks for the points shared on the blog.
LikeLike
I truly appreciate this post. I’ve been looking all over for this! Thank goodness I found it on Bing. You’ve made my day! Thx again!
LikeLike
I am continuously looking online for posts that can aid me. Thanks!
LikeLike
Hi! Do you use Twitter? I’d like to follow you if that would be okay. I’m undoubtedly enjoying your blog and look forward to new posts.
LikeLike
Excellent article. I ended up being checking constantly this web site and Now i’m impressed! Very helpful tips specially the final part I look after such info a good deal. I has been seeking this certain info for some time. Thank an individual and good luck.
LikeLike
A large percentage of of whatever you point out happens to be supprisingly appropriate and that makes me ponder why I had not looked at this in this light before. Your piece truly did turn the light on for me personally as far as this subject goes. But at this time there is one particular position I am not too cozy with and while I make an effort to reconcile that with the central idea of the position, let me observe exactly what all the rest of your visitors have to say.Very well done.
LikeLike
I never usually answer posts but I am going to in this case, great information… I will bookmark your internet site. Keep in the good operate!
LikeLike
Once I came up to this article I could only see a part of it, is this kind of my internet browser or the web website? Should We reboot?
LikeLike
I haven’t checked in here for some time because I thought it was getting boring, but the last few posts are great quality so I guess I’ll add you back to my everyday bloglist. You deserve it my friend 🙂
LikeLike
Wohh exactly what I was searching for, appreciate it for posting.
LikeLike
Superb content you have there. luxury-watchesrolex
LikeLike
loves can you say that about?) louis vuitton hlouis vuitton handbags replicabags replica it’s back this fall in mouth watering chocolate. How can you go wrong…
LikeLike
yeah,this is great and I like it.I will bookmark it and share on my facebook.
LikeLike
Hello there, just became aware of your blog through Google, and found that it’s really informative. I am gonna watch out for brussels. I will appreciate if you continue this in future. Lots of people will be benefited from your writing. Cheers!
LikeLike
As soon as I observed this internet site I went on reddit to share some of the love with them.
LikeLike
I am really enjoying the theme/design of your blog. Do you ever run into any browser compatibility problems? A handful of my blog audience have complained about my website not operating correctly in Explorer but looks great in Chrome. Do you have any suggestions to help fix this problem?
LikeLike
I must say your blog is outstanding! I will undoubtedly can be found back again again!
LikeLike
This blog is amazing.
LikeLike
Hiya, I’m truly joyful I’ve establish this info. At the moment bloggers publish only concerning gossips and net and this is really frustrating. A clear locate with exciting gratify, this is what I penury. Gratitude for keeping this website, I will be real visiting it. Solve you achieve newsletters? Cant stumble on it.
LikeLike
Great website. Lots of useful info here. I am sending it to some friends ans additionally sharing in delicious. And of course, thank you for your sweat!
LikeLike
Hello, Neat post. There’s a problem together with your web site in web explorer, may check this… IE nonetheless is the marketplace leader and a big element of people will leave out your great writing because of this problem.
LikeLike
I have learned some important things through your blog post post.
LikeLike
I will decent gone filch your rss as I can not in ruling your e-mail subscription hyperlink or newsletter service. Perform you have any? Benevolently consent to me recognise as a result that I might subscribe. Thanks.
LikeLike
Heya this is a brilliant item. I’m free to transmit this to my associates. I stumbled by this while browsing by google I’ll be positively to extend backside. thankfulness for sharing.
LikeLike
Does your blog have a contact page? I’m having trouble locating it but, I’d like to send you an e-mail. I’ve got some suggestions for your blog you might be interested in hearing. Either way, great blog and I look forward to seeing it expand over time.
LikeLike
I am extremely impressed with your writing skills and also with the layout on your blog. Is this a paid theme or did you customize it yourself? Anyway keep up the excellent quality writing, it抯 rare to see a great blog like this one these days..
LikeLike
Your weblog would raise in ranking should you post additional generally.:~”*;
LikeLike
Hi there, I discovered your wicked webpage on Google and all I can say is wow you have an remarkable website!!!
LikeLike
you’re really a just right webmaster. The web site loading velocity is incredible. It kind of feels that you are doing any distinctive trick. In addition, The contents are masterwork. you have performed a excellent job in this matter!
LikeLike
Thank you for any other informative web site. The place else may just I get that kind of info written in such an ideal manner? I have a venture that I’m simply now operating on, and I’ve been at the look out for such info.
LikeLike
Can I just say what a relief to acquire a person who essentially knows what theyre talking about on the internet. You unquestionably know methods to bring an issue to light and make it imperative. Even more many people must read this and recognize this side of the story. I cant believe youre not even more preferred due to the fact you absolutely have the gift.
LikeLike
You have brought up a very fantastic details , thankyou for the post.
LikeLike
Apart form that you shall find everything that is there in the original in the Swiss replica iwc regulateur watches online
LikeLike
I like this post, enjoyed this one thank you for putting up. “It is well to give when asked but it is better to give unasked, through understanding.” by Kahlil Gibran.
LikeLike
Good write-up, I’m normal visitor of one’s web site, maintain up the nice operate, and It is going to be a regular visitor for a long time.
LikeLike
I like what you guys are up also. Such intelligent function and reporting! Carry on the exceptional functions guys I’ve incorporated you guys to my blogroll. I assume it’s going to increase the worth of my web page
LikeLike
The when I read a weblog, I hope so it doesnt disappoint me around that one particular. I mean, Yes, it was my option to read, but When i thought youd have some thing exciting to state. All I hear is often loads of whining about anything you could fix in case you ever werent also busy in search of focus.
LikeLike
Impressive! I mean it.
LikeLike
I’d must check with you here. Which is not one thing I usually do! I enjoy studying a publish that can make individuals think. Additionally, thanks for permitting me to comment!
LikeLike
Many thanks for this article.
LikeLike
Youre so cool! I dont suppose Ive read something similar to this prior to. So nice to locate somebody with many original applying for grants this subject. realy appreciation for beginning this up. this site may be something that is needed on the internet, a person after just a little originality. helpful project for bringing one thing absolutely new to your net!
LikeLike
I need to to thank you for this excellent read!! I absolutely loved every little bit of it. I have you bookmarked to check out new things you post…
LikeLike
Many thanks for your post.
LikeLike
Hey there! I’ve been following your weblog for some time now and finally got the courage to go ahead and give you a shout out from New Caney Texas! Just wanted to mention keep up the good job!
LikeLike
Great weblog man! I only added this informative article to my personal Twitter account. Keep the idea up!
LikeLike
It is pure perfection.
LikeLike
Do you mind proviso I passage a few of your posts as long as I endow with honor and sources back to your site? My blog is in the very consistent zone of interest as yours and my visitors would certainly profit commencing a lot of the information you present now. Desire consent to me identify if this alright with you. Thanks!
LikeLike
I just couldn’t leave your website prior to suggesting that I actually enjoyed the usual information a person provide on your visitors? Is going to be again incessantly to inspect new posts
LikeLike
I was recommended this web site by my cousin. I am not sure whether this post is written by him as no one else know such detailed about my problem. You’re incredible! Thanks!
LikeLike
Thanks for the recommendations shared on your own blog.
LikeLike
Enjoyed hunting by way of this, very excellent stuff, regards .
LikeLike
I dugg some of you post as I cogitated they were very useful handy
LikeLike
Outstanding post, you have got pointed out some outstanding factors , I as well believe this s an incredibly superb site.
LikeLike
I like this post, enjoyed this one thanks for posting. “‘I have done my best.’ That is about all the philosophy of living one needs.” by Lin Yutang.
LikeLike
Greetings I am so thrilled I found your web site, I really found you by error, while I was looking on Yahoo for something else, Anyways I am here now and would just like to say thanks for a incredible post and a all round entertaining blog (I also love the theme/design), I don’t have time to browse it all at the minute but I have bookmarked it and also added in your RSS feeds, so when I have time I will be back to read a great deal more, Please do keep up the awesome work.
LikeLike
I’m commonly to blogging and i honestly appreciate your content. The post has certainly peaks my interest. I am going to bookmark your web site and keep checking for new data.
LikeLike
I wish there were more such blogs.
LikeLike
A fascinating discussion is worth comment. I do think that you should publish more about this subject matter, it may not be a taboo matter but usually people don’t talk about these subjects. To the next! Cheers!!
LikeLike
Very interesting points you have mentioned , appreciate it for posting . “The only thing worse than a man you can’t control is a man you can.” by Margo Kaufman.
LikeLike
Everyone can learn something for this blog.
LikeLike
Thank you for sharing excellent informations. Your web site is so cool. I’m impressed by the details that youˇve on this web site. It reveals how nicely you understand this subject. Bookmarked this web page, will come back for more articles. You, my friend, ROCK! I found just the information I already searched all over the place and simply could not come across. What a great web-site.
LikeLike
Thiѕ рiеce οf ωriting pгesents clеаr idea for the new ѵisіtors of blogging,
that in fact hοω to ԁo bloggіng.
Also vіsit my site best weight loss program for women
LikeLike
I absolutely love your blog and find nearly all of your post’s to be just what I’m looking for. can you offer guest writers to write content to suit your needs? I wouldn’t mind composing a post or elaborating on a few of the subjects you write about here. Again, awesome site!
LikeLike
Some genuinely choice posts on this website , saved to favorites .
LikeLike
Some really nice and useful info on this website, as well I believe the layout contains excellent features.
LikeLike
Thanks for helping out, good information.
LikeLike
But wanna admit that this is extremely helpful, Thanks for taking your time to write this.
LikeLike
I consider something genuinely interesting about your web site so I saved to bookmarks .
LikeLike
Thanks for sharing superb informations. Your website is very cool. I’m impressed by the details that you have on this blog. It reveals how nicely you perceive this subject. Bookmarked this web page, will come back for more articles. You, my friend, ROCK! I found simply the information I already searched all over the place and just could not come across. What a great website.
LikeLike
It is very involving.
LikeLike
Me English no exceptional, but had to say me like what you say. Thank you from me.
LikeLike
It’s not easy, but i believe you just have to be objective about your self and realize that occasionally when somebody is criticizing they are only giving
LikeLike
Excellent post. I was checking constantly this blog and I am impressed! Extremely useful information specially the last part 🙂 I care for such information much. I was looking for this certain info for a long time. Thank you and good luck.
LikeLike
excellent points altogether, you just gained a emblem new reader. What would you recommend in regards to your submit that you made a few days in the past? Any sure?
LikeLike
Thanks for your write-up.
LikeLike
Can I recently say such a relief to locate a single who actually knows what theyre discussing on the net. You really discover how to bring a difficulty to light and earn it important. The diet plan need to examine out this and may see this side on the story. I cant think youre no extra well-known after you unquestionably possess the gift.
LikeLike
Sorry for my English.Helpful info. Fortunate me I discovered your website by chance, and I’m surprised why this accident didn’t came about in advance! I bookmarked it.
LikeLike
Rattling good visual appeal on this website , I’d value it 10 10.
LikeLike
I hope more blogs like this will come into existence.
LikeLike
I’m impressed, I will have to say. Actually seldom do I encounter a website that’s both educative and entertaining, and with no a doubt, you might have hit the nail for the head. Your believed is outstanding; ab muscles an element that not adequate people are speaking intelligently about. I will be delighted that I located this inside my hunt for some factor with this.
LikeLike
I discovered your weblog site on google and examine a number of of the early posts. Proceed to retain up the incredibly fantastic operate. I just further up your RSS feed to my MSN Facts Reader. Looking for forward to studying additional from you in a when!? I’m usually to running a blog and i essentially respect your content. The report has truly peaks my interest. I am going to bookmark your internet site and hold checking for brand new information.
LikeLike
Only a smiling visitant here to share the love (:, btw outstanding style. “Individuals may form communities, but it is institutions alone that can create a nation.” by Benjamin Disraeli.
LikeLike
Thanks for your marvelous publishing! I really enjoyed reading through it, you might be a wonderful author. I will be sure to bookmark your blog and probably will come back to any extent further. I wish to encourage proceed your excellent writing, have a great weekend! 2012 hostgator discount: 25PERCENTOFFSAVE
LikeLike
I’m commonly to blogging and i honestly appreciate your content. The post has certainly peaks my interest. I am going to bookmark your web site and keep checking for new data.
LikeLike
I don’t even know how I stopped up right here, but I thought this submit was once good. I do not realize who you might be but certainly you’re going to a well-known blogger for those who aren’t already 😉 Cheers!
LikeLike
I needed to send you the tiny word to finally thank you over again for the pleasing concepts you’ve shown in this case. It has been generous with you giving publicly just what a number of people might have distributed for an e-book to earn some bucks for their own end, most notably now that you might have tried it if you ever wanted. These thoughts as well acted to provide a fantastic way to understand that other people online have the same dream like mine to see a great deal more related to this issue. I am certain there are numerous more enjoyable sessions in the future for those who start reading your website.
LikeLike
I’m really enjoying the theme/design of your blog. Do you ever run into any internet browser compatibility issues? A handful of my blog visitors have complained about my blog not operating correctly in Explorer but looks great in Opera. Do you have any tips to help fix this problem?
LikeLike
Hello. fantastic job. I did not imagine this. This is a impressive story. Thanks!
LikeLike
Marvelous website. REally love what you done here. There is a little issue with the website’s speed but …ok
LikeLike
I was just looking for this info for some time. After six hours of continuous Googleing, at last I got it in your website. I wonder what’s the lack of Google strategy that don’t rank this type of informative web sites in top of the list. Normally the top web sites are full of garbage.
LikeLike
Hello fantastically cool muddle site!! Guy .. Charming .. Amazing .. I will bookmark your website and engage the feeds also…I am jovial to attain numerous practical in a row acceptably at this time in the suggest, we want job made known added strategies in this regard, recognition for sharing. . . . . .
LikeLike
I saw a lot of website but I conceive this one holds something special in it. “Fortitude is the guard and support of the other virtues.” by John Locke.
LikeLike
I’m commonly to blogging and i honestly appreciate your content. The post has certainly peaks my interest. I am going to bookmark your web site and keep checking for new data.
LikeLike
Wow that was extraordinary. I emphatically wrote an extremely prolonged analysis but after I clicked suggest my comment didn’t illustrate in the lead. Grrrr… satisfactorily I’m not script all that over another time. At any rate, just wanted to say outstanding blog!
LikeLike
This is very interesting, You are a very skilled blogger. I have joined your rss feed and look forward to seeking more of your magnificent post. Also, I have shared your website in my social networks!
LikeLike
I am not assured where you’re getting your information, nevertheless enormous topic. I needs to spend a number of time scholarship much further otherwise thoughtful more. Merit for vast information I was looking representing this information for my mission.
LikeLike
Can I just say what a relief to acquire a person who essentially knows what theyre talking about on the internet. You unquestionably know methods to bring an issue to light and make it imperative. Even more many people must read this and recognize this side of the story. I cant believe youre not even more preferred due to the fact you absolutely have the gift.
LikeLike
I am incessantly thought about this, thanks for posting.
LikeLike
Some really nice stuff on this site, I love it.
LikeLike
obviously like your web-site however you have to check the spelling on quite a few of your posts. A number of them are rife with spelling problems and I to find it very bothersome to tell the truth nevertheless I’ll certainly come again again.
LikeLike
An intriguing discussion is worth comment. I feel which you must write additional on this topic, it could not be a taboo topic but usually people today aren’t sufficient to speak on such topics. To the next. Cheers
LikeLike
I simply want to mention I’m all new to blogging and honestly liked you’re web blog. Very likely I’m going to bookmark your website . You really have awesome well written articles. Thank you for sharing your web page.
LikeLike
This is a comment to the admin. I discovered your page via Google but it was difficult to find as you were not on the first page of search results. I know you could have more visitors to your site. I have found a website which offers to dramatically increase your rankings and traffic to your site: http://bag.sh/16O I managed to get close to 1000 visitors/day using their services, you could also get lot more targeted visitors from search engines than you have now. Their service brought significantly more visitors to my site. I hope this helps, happy new year!
LikeLike